MBBS Regulations

Bio-Chemistry

3)  BIOCHEMISTRY

                        Biochemistry  including Molecular  Biology.

(I)                 GOAL :

The  broad goal  of the teaching of Biochemistry to undergraduate students is to make them  understand  the  scientific  basis of the life processes at  the molecular level and to oreint them  towards the application  of the  knowledge  acquired, in solving  clinical problems.

(II)              OBJECTIVES :

A.  KNOWLEDGE     :

At   the end  of  the course, the student  shall  be  able to :

1.describe  the molecular  and  functional  organization of  a cell

   and  list its  subscelluar  components.

2.delineate structure, function and  inter-relationship of biomolecules  and consequences of   deviation from normal;

3.summarize the fundamental aspects  of enzymology and clinical application  wherein regulation of enzymatic acitivity  is  altered;

4.describe digestion and  assimilation of  nutrients and consequences  of malnutrition;

5.integrate  the  various aspects  of  metabolism and their  requlatory pathways;

6.explain thebiochemical basis of inherited disorders with  their associated sequelae:

7.describe  mechanisms involved in  maintenace of  body fluid and ph  homeostasis;

8.outline the molecular mechanisms of gene expression and regulation, the principles of genetic  engineering  anfd  their application  in medicine;

9.summarize molecular  concept of  body  defences and  their  application  in  medicine;

10.outline the  biochemical basis   of environmental  health  hazards, biochemical  basis  of cancer and carcingogenesis;

11.familiarize with  the principles of variousconventional and sprecialized laboratory investigations  and  istrumentation; analysis and interpretation of  a  given  data;

12.suggest experiments  to  support  theoretical  concept  and clinical  diagnosis;

(B) SKILLS :

At  the   end  of the  course, the  student   shall  be  able to :

1.make  use of  conventional techniques/insturments to  perform biochemical  analysis relevant to clinical screening  and  diagnosis;

2.analyze and interpret investigative data;

3.demonstrate the skills of solving scientific and  clinical  problems and  decision  making;

(A)             INTEGRATION :

The knowledge  acquired  in biochemistry  shall help the students to  integrate  molecular events with structure and function of the human body in health and disease.

III) Theory:

S.I.No.             Name of the Unit                                                No. of Hours

1                      Introduction to Biochemistry                                                1

2                      Cell-Molectlar & Functional organization                         2

3                      Chemistry of Carbohydrates:                                                6

a)      Classification of Carbohydrates:

                        b)Structural and functional aspects monosaccharides,

                                                Disaccharides, Home and Hetero Ploysaccharides.

1.                  Chemistry of lipids:

                        a)Classification

                        b)Structral and functional aspects of simple, compound and derived lipids including saturated, unsaturated and Essential Fatty aids.

2.                  Proteins:                                                                                    10

a)      Classification & functional aspects

b)     Electrophoretic separation of proteins

c)      Clasification and properties of amono aids

d)     Separation of Amino acids by Choromatography

e)      Outlines of elucidation of Protein Structure.

f)       Biologically active Peptides

6.                        Nucleic Acids:                                                                                                                        4

a)      Bases, nucleotides, Nucleic acids,

(Structural and functional aspects)

                        b)Synthetic nucleotides

7.                        Enzymes:                                                                                                                                6

a)      Classification

b)     Mechanism of Enzyme action

c)      Enzyme kinetics

d)     Facctors affecting enzyme activety

e)      Isoenzymes

f)       Coenzymes

g)      Enzyme Inhibition.

h)      Cellular & Plasma enzymes

i)        Diagnostic importance of Enzymes

j)        Regulation of Enzyme activity

3.                  Biological Oxidation:                                                4

a)      Bioenergetics

b)     Exergonic & Endergonic reaction

c)      Oxidases

d)     Electron trransport chain

e)      Oxidative Phosphorylation

f)       High every compounds

g)      Low energy compunds                        4

I Unit Test:

9.                        Vitamins:                                                                                                                                12

a)      Classification

b)     Structure, souces, Daily requirement, Physiological role and deficiency disorders of Fat soluble vitamins-A,D, E & K and water soluble vitamins – B. Complex group and Vit.C.

10.                        Carbohydrate Metabolism:                                                   10

a)      Digestion

b)     Absorption

c)      Metabolosm of Glucose

            i)Entry of Glucose into cells

            ii)Glycolysis

            iii)Rapaport-Leubering Cycle

            IV) Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

IV)             Citric acid cycle

V)                Gluconeggenesis

VI)             Glycogenesis

VII)           Glycogenolysis

VIII)        Glycogen Stroage

IX)             Hexose Mono Phosphate Shunt Pathway

X)                Uronic Acid pathway

XI)             Metabolism of Galactose & Fructose

XII)           Blood Glucose Homeostasis, Glucose Tolernce Test, Diabetes Mellitus and Hytpohlycemia

11.                                      Metabolism of Proteins:

a)Protein Digestion & Absorptiohn

b)General Pathways of metabolism including

c)      Transamation & Deamination and Ammonia Transport

d)     Urea Cycle

e)      Metaboloism of Individual amino acids & molecular disorder.

f)       Creatine 7 Creatinine

12.                        Metaboliosm of Nucleic Acids:                                                             10

a)      outlines of metabolosm of purines & pyrimidines & metabolic disorders

b)     DNA replicatioin  and transcription

c)      Protein Biosynthesis (Trnslation)

d)     Regulation of gene Expression

e)      Outlines of Genetic Engineering

12.                                      Lipid Metabolism

a)      digestion & Absorption

b)     Plasma Lipids

c)      Mobilisation of fats ofropm adipose tissue

d)     Oxidationn of fatly acids

e)      Biosynthesis of Fatty acids

f)       Metabolism of Phospholipids and tricacylglycerols

g)      Metabolism of ketone bodics

h)      Metabolism of Cholesterol

i)        Lipo Proteins – Metabolism and Disorders

j)        Lipotropic factors

k)      Chemistry and metabolism of Prostaglasndins.

II Unit Test

13.                                      Hemoglobin structure, Functions and Metabolism, Porphyrias and hemoglo binopathies

14.                                      Integration of metabolism

Metabolic integraion ; liver, adipose tissue,

Skeletal muscle and brian                                                            2

15.                                      Mineral Metabolosim

Sodium, Patassium, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Manganess, Sulphur, Iron, Copper, Zinc, Iodine, Cobalt, Fluorine, Selenium and Chromium.

17.                        Nutrition:                                                                                                                                                       4

                        a)Calorific Value

                        b)specific Dynamic Action

]                        c) Energy Requirements

d)     Balance Diet, Nitrogen balance, dietary fiber

e)      Foodfads

f)       Nutritional disordrs kwashiorkor and marasmus

18.                        Detoxification:                                                                                                                                               2

19.                        Hormones:                                                                                                                                                     10

i)General Principles Of Hormonal action

i)        outline of hbormone structure

ii)      Mechanism of Action and metabolic roles of

      a)pituitary

      b)Pancreas

b)     Adrenal

c)      Gonadal

d)     Thyroid

20.                        Functional Tests:                                                                                                                                      4

h)      Renal

i)        Hbepatic

j)        Pancreatic

k)      Gastric

21.                        Fluid-Electrolyte and Acid – Base balance                           4

22.                        Plasma proteins & Immunoglobulins                                                                  3

23.                        Biological Membranse                                                                                                     2

24.                        Carcino genesis & Malignancy                                                                             2

III Unit Test:

DIVISION OF SYLLABUS FOR UNIVERSITY Exam

Paper – 1

1.      Enzymes

2.      Biological Oxidation

3.      Digestion and absorption

4.      Detoxification

5.      Carbohydrate Chemistry and Matabolism

6.      Vitamins

7.      Nutrition

8.      Lipid chemistry and motabolism

9.      Hemoglobin Structure, functions & metabolism, Porphyrias and hemoglobinopathies

Paper – II

                        1.Proteins Chemistry and Metabolism

1.                  Mineral metabolism

2.                  Nucleic acid chemistry metabolism

3.                  Genetics

4.                  Hormones

5.                  Functional tests

6.                  Plasma proteins and Immunoglobulions

7.                  Biological membranes

8.                  Dcardinogens

9.                  Acid-base balance and water-Electrolyte balance

Practiclas:

A.Qualitative

1.                        Reactions of Carbohydrates                                              NO. of practicals

                        a) Glucose                                                                                                                              1

                        b) Fructose                                                                                                                             1

                        c) Lactose, Maltose                                                                                                           1

                        d) Sucrose                                                                                                                               1

                        e) Identification of Carbohydrates                                              2

1.                  Reactions of proteins:

a)      Precipitation reactions                        1

b)     General colour reactions of proteins            1

c)      Albumin                                    1

d)     Casein                                    1

e)      Gelatin and peptone                        1

f)       Identification                              2

3.                        Normal Constitutents of Urine                                                          2

4.                        Abnormal Constituents of Urine                                                          2

                        Identification of Abnormal Constituents of Urine                        2

B. Quantitative:                                                                                                                                                   19

                        1. Blood Glucose                                                                                                          1

                        2. Blood Urea                                                                                                 1

                        3. S. Proteins                                                                                                                          1

                        4. Urinary                                                                                                                               1

                              5.CSF Analysis

            a) Proteins(I) Sulphosalicylic acid test (ii) Pandy’s test

            b) Glucose

            c)Chlorides

C.Demonstrations:

1.      Chromatograpy

2.      Electrophoresis

3.      GTT

4.      FTM

5.      S. uric acid estimation

6.      S. Bilirubin estimation

Revcision and conduct of Tests  = 6 Practicals

Tutorials and group discussions = 30 practicals

Note: Each practical carries two hours.

Recommended Books:

1.      Review of Biochemistry – harper

2.      Bio-Chemisty by Debajyoti das

3.      Text book of Biopchemistry of medical students by

-                     D.M. Vasudevan & Sreekumari

                        4. Biochemistry By                                            - U. Satyanaryana

5.Text book of Medical Biochemistry by M.N. Chatterjea and Rana shine

7.      Text book of biochemistry – A.c. Deb

Reference books

                        1. Biochemistry by                                                                    Lehninger

                        2. Biochemistry by                                                                    Stryer

                        3. Text book of Clinical Biochemistry                        Tietz

                        4. Clinical Biochemistry by                                            Valey

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