PG Preparation

Haemoglobin

Hb A	Alpha 2, Beta 2
Hb F	Alpha 2, Gamma 2
Hb A 2	Alpha 2, Delta 2
Hb H	Beta 4
Hb S	Beta 6 val- glu
Hb Barts	Gamma 4

 

Blood Coagulation factors

1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 10	Produced in liver
2, 7, 8, 9, 10	Levels increased with oral contraceptives
2, 7, 9, 10	Vitamin K required
2, 7, 10	Prothrombin time helps to know the deficiency state
1. 2. 10	Both PTT and PT increased in deficiency
5, 8	unstable in stored blood
5, 10	good for growth of hemophilus organisms

Thrombin time is used to monitor heparin activity

Uraemia	Burr cells are seen
Cirrhosis	Spur cells are seen
Iron depletion	Seen in Iron deficiency anaemia, polycythemia vera
Thalassemia minor	Decreased osmolysis, microcytic hypochromic anaemia, increased HbA2.
Sickle cell anaemia	Tactoids and sickling seen.
Acquired spherocytosis	Schistocytes present, Coombs positive
Hereditary spherocytosis	Coombs negative
Aplastic anaemia	Platelets maximum affected and last to recover, Pancytopenia present
Pernicious anaemia and Folate deficiency anaemia	Anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, fragmented RBC , neutrophil lobes increased, platelets normal. Absolute reticulocyte count low.
Sideroblastic Anaemia  Hereditary  Acquired	Ring Sideroblasts present (These are Iron granules in mitochondria around the nucleus) Microcytic, hypochromis RBC Macrocytic hypo or normochromic RBC
Polycythemia vera	Increased RBCs, platelets and Leukocytes Splenomegaly esent
Myeloid metaplastia and Myelofibrosis	Giant Platelets  Macrocytic Anaemia ‘Tear Drop’ poikilocytes Leukoerythroblastic picture
Warm antibody autoimmune haemolytic anaemia	Polychromasia and Spherocytosis present
Megakaryocytosis marrow seen in	Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic purpura Myeloid Metaplasia Polycythemia vera
Subleukaemic Leukaemia	Abnormal cells present White cell count normal or decreased
Aleukaemic leukaemia	No abnormal cells WBC Count usually decreased below normal Diagnosis from marrow aspiration
Hairy cell leukaemia	Neutropenia, Splenomegaly, hair cells seen.
Acute non- lymphocytic Leukaemia Lymphoblasts Myeloblasts	Total count usually more than 1, 00, 000 Macrocytic Normochromic Anaemia Severe Thrombocytopenia PAS Positive, Sudan black positive,  stains with Romanowski stain
CML	All series of cells seen Myeloblasts greater than 10, Increased Basophils, eosonophils, thrombocytes
C.L.L( B Cell disease)	Small lymphocytes increased. Blasts are rare. Auto immune hemolytic anaemia present.
Pro- lymphocytic Leukaemia	Large lymphocytes with prominent nucleolus
Eosinophillic Leukaemia	Eosnophils increased
Burkit’s lymphoma	"Starry sky" appearance in Lymphnode biopsy

HemophiliasDeficient Factor

Hemophilia A	Factor VIII Deficiency
Hemophilia B	Factor IX Deficiency
Hemophilia C	Factor XI Deficiency
Para hemophilia	Factor V Deficiency
Pseudohemophilia	(Vascular Hemophilia)Von Willebrand’s disease